Research & Insights
October 12, 2020

Social Media Use and Self-Harm Behaviors in Adolescents

Kayla Sheldon

Social Media Use in Adolescents

What once started as a way to reconnect with old classmates has now evolved into an anchor in many people’s lives. Social media is no longer simply a network to stay in touch with friends. It is now a source of entertainment, e-commerce, news, income, and a way to connect with strangers across the country or world—something that would not have been possible 20 years ago other than through pen pal programs. With the COVID-19 pandemic keeping people at home more than usual, social media might even be their main connection to the outside world. Now that adults and teenagers have personal devices that enable this virtual social connection, access to social media is immediate and constant. But despite the many positive ways in which social media connects us to other humans, one important aspect must not be ignored: the growing body of literature connecting social media use to self-harming behaviors in adolescents.  

The use of social media has been increasing in adolescent populations. Pew Research Center revealed that reported social media use among teens increased from 55% to 81% from 2006 to 2013. A recent study by the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry reported that 90% of teens aged 13-17 have used social media before, while 75% report having at least one currently active social media profile. While a majority of adolescents report that social media has a mostly positive or neutral impact on their peers, 24% of youth report a belief that social media has a mostly negative effect on people their age. Adolescents who believe social media has a negative impact on their peers suggested social media can enable bullying or rumor spreading, fuel social comparison, and negatively impact relationships. Additionally, these teens believe that social media can contribute to harmful effects on well-being, such as addiction and mental health problems.

Though research is relatively new in this field, early findings from these studies are something to consider as the adoption of social media in younger populations continues to rise. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of social media adoption among adolescents has researchers in the field identifying a growing need to explore the relationships between social media use and its potentially adverse effects of adolescent mental health and behavior.

Self-Harm Behavior in Adolescents

Self-harm, or what is sometimes referred to as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), most commonly refers to acts of self-directed violence without suicidal intent and generally serves as a way to cope with distressing negative affective states. Although NSSI is separate from suicidal behavior, adolescents and teens who have displayed NSSI behaviors frequently are shown to have contemplated or attempted suicide at other times. This suggests that there is a strong link between self-harm behaviors and suicidal behaviors in young people and highlights a need to focus on the recent increase in self-harm behaviors in adolescents when considering threats to adolescent safety and well-being.

In 2008 it was found that adolescents aged 15-19 had the highest rates of non-fatal self-injury-related Emergency Department (ED) visits compared to all other age groups in the United States. Non-fatal self-injury ED visits were inclusive of “acts with suicidal and non-suicidal intent”. Rates of self-harm in adolescents have continued to rise in recent years. A study looking at ED visits for suicide and self-harm in young people found a 45% increase in ED visits from 2008 to 2013 for adolescents aged 13-15 years of age, and a 94% increase for children aged 10-12 in the same time frame. Given that a third of young people who die by suicide present self-harm behaviors in the last three months of their lives, identifying these behaviors as early as possible presents the opportunity to stage potentially life-saving interventions.

The growing prevalence of self-harm behavior online and on common social media platforms can increase the chances that young people may discover self-harm content. Where many adolescents have typically turned to their peers in the past to communicate about issues relating to self-harm, social media and online communities have become an extension of an adolescent’s sphere of peers. While a systematic review of online communities centered around self-harm found that a majority of these communities provide support and promote positive messages, there were many communities found that exacerbate issues of self-harm behavior and ideation. Some online self-harm communities have been shown to use language or provide advice that potentially normalizes harmful behaviors and causes the formation of maladaptive coping mechanisms. These online communities have also been shown to regularly fail to provide the necessary support for self-harming individuals; and in some cases, these communities would feature graphic depictions of potentially triggering self-harm imagery in the form of photos or videos, provide encouragement to perform self-harm acts, mock specific members, or facilitate pacts to commit more dangerous acts of self-harm.

Despite their growing influence, these online communities can often be invisible to those outside of them. In fact, research has shown that oftentimes guardians are largely unaware of what activities their children may be engaging in online. New research in adolescent development and cyberpsychology has begun to address these gaps in our understanding of the relationship between social media use and its potential effects on adolescent well-being. Meanwhile, future studies in these fields could further serve to uncover the digital behaviors indicative of self-harm and suicidal behavior online while directly informing intervention research.

Footnotes

  1. Anderson, M., & Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, social media & technology 2018. Pew Research Center, 31, 2018.
  2. Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Cortesi, S., Gasser, U., Duggan, M., Smith, A., & Beaton, M. (2013). Part 1: Teens and Social Media Use. Pew Research Center.
  3. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (2018). Social Media and Teens.
  4. Anderson, M., & Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, social media & technology 2018. Pew Research Center, 31, 2018.
  5. Anderson, M., & Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, social media & technology 2018. Pew Research Center, 31, 2018.
  6. Anderson, M., & Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, social media & technology 2018. Pew Research Center, 31, 2018.
  7. Daine, K., Hawton, K., Singaravelu, V., Stewart, A., Simkin, S., & Montgomery, P. (2013). The power of the web: a systematic review of studies of the influence of the internet on self-harm and suicide in young people. PloS one, 8(10), e77555.
  8. Dyson, M. P., Hartling, L., Shulhan, J., Chisholm, A., Milne, A., Sundar, P., & Newton, A. S. (2016). A systematic review of social media use to discuss and view deliberate self-harm acts. PloS one, 11(5).
  9. Peterson, J., Freedenthal, S., Sheldon, C., & Andersen, R. (2008). Nonsuicidal self injury in adolescents. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 5(11), 20.
  10. Peterson, J., Freedenthal, S., Sheldon, C., & Andersen, R. (2008). Nonsuicidal self injury in adolescents. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 5(11), 20.
  11. McCluskey, C. K., Allareddy, V., Rampa, S., Allareddy, V., & Rotta, A. T. (2019). Characterization of Suicide and Deliberate Self-Harm Among Children in the United States. Clinical pediatrics, 58(1), 66-72.
  12. Ting, S. A., Sullivan, A. F., Boudreaux, E. D., Miller, I., & Camargo Jr, C. A. (2012). Trends in US emergency department visits for attempted suicide and self-inflicted injury, 1993–2008. General hospital psychiatry, 34(5), 557-565.
  13. McCluskey, C. K., Allareddy, V., Rampa, S., Allareddy, V., & Rotta, A. T. (2019). Characterization of Suicide and Deliberate Self-Harm Among Children in the United States. Clinical pediatrics, 58(1), 66-72.
  14. Appleby, L., Cooper, J., Amos, T., & Faragher, B. (1999). Psychological autopsy study of suicides by people aged under 35. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 175(2), 168-174.
  15. Stänicke, L. I., Haavind, H., Rø, F. G., & Gullestad, S. E. (2020). Discovering One’s Own Way: Adolescent Girls’ Different Pathways Into and Out of Self-Harm. Journal of Adolescent Research, 35(5), 605–634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558419883360
  16. Stänicke, L. I., Haavind, H., Rø, F. G., & Gullestad, S. E. (2020). Discovering One’s Own Way: Adolescent Girls’ Different Pathways Into and Out of Self-Harm. Journal of Adolescent Research, 35(5), 605–634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558419883360
  17. Dyson, M. P., Hartling, L., Shulhan, J., Chisholm, A., Milne, A., Sundar, P., & Newton, A. S. (2016). A systematic review of social media use to discuss and view deliberate self-harm acts. PloS one, 11(5).
  18. Dyson, M. P., Hartling, L., Shulhan, J., Chisholm, A., Milne, A., Sundar, P., & Newton, A. S. (2016). A systematic review of social media use to discuss and view deliberate self-harm acts. PloS one, 11(5).
  19. Dyson, M. P., Hartling, L., Shulhan, J., Chisholm, A., Milne, A., Sundar, P., & Newton, A. S. (2016). A systematic review of social media use to discuss and view deliberate self-harm acts. PloS one, 11(5).
  20. Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Emmery, K., Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2017). Parental knowledge of adolescents’ online content and contact risks. Journal of youth and adolescence, 46(2), 401-416.
  21. Daine, K., Hawton, K., Singaravelu, V., Stewart, A., Simkin, S., & Montgomery, P. (2013). The power of the web: a systematic review of studies of the influence of the internet on self-harm and suicide in young people. PloS one, 8(10), e77555.
  22. Dyson, M. P., Hartling, L., Shulhan, J., Chisholm, A., Milne, A., Sundar, P., & Newton, A. S. (2016). A systematic review of social media use to discuss and view deliberate self-harm acts. PloS one, 11(5).

Philosophy

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